An Analysis of the Main Characters’ Utterances in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn Novel through Grice’s Cooperative Principle.

Rifa Aviaty, - (2021) An Analysis of the Main Characters’ Utterances in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn Novel through Grice’s Cooperative Principle. Undergraduate thesis, Education and Teacher Training Faculty English Education Department.

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Abstract

Rifa Aviaty, 2021: An Analysis of the Main Characters’ Utterances in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn Novel through Grice’s Cooperative Principle. People study language with meaning and contexts, which is known as Pragmatics. Pragmatics as tools can be used to analyze discourse which concerns with contextual meaning. In fact, people who learn English do not have awareness about studying it. Literatures show that people just paid attention for being able to speak in English well without considering other important parts which they have to master, such as how to understand the context and implied meaning in the utterances. Commonly, a conversation or dialogue consists of two persons or more that cooperate each other. Grice developed a model called Cooperative Principles which speaker or hearer must ensure successfull communication. Therefore, this research analyzed Cooperative Principles used by main characters in the novel entitled “The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn”. This research established two research questions: 1) What are the types and implied meaning of Grice’s Cooperative Principles by the main characters’ utterances in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn novel?, and 2) What is the most frequent type of Grice’s Cooperative Principles by the main characters’ utterances in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn novel?. This research aimed: 1) To describe the types and implied meaning of Grice’s Cooperative Principles by the main characters’ utterances in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn novel. 2) To examine the most frequent type of Grice’s Cooperative Principles by the main characters’ utterances in The Adventure of Huck Finn novel. This research employed qualitative research approach by focusing of content analysis. The data of this research were taken from a novel entitled “The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn” published in 1884. In compiling the data, this research used document analysis. The researcher analysed the utterances of main characters that indicate to disobey Grice’s cooperative principle. Furthermore, Investigator triangulation was used in validiting the data, the analysis, and the result of this research. The results of this research were as follows. First, all types of observance maxim and non-observance maxim were found to be disobeyed by the main characters in the novel. Observance maxim which were: maxim of quality was done by saying what speaker believe to be false, maxim of quantity was done by giving the contribution more informative than it is required, maxim of manner was done by being obscure, and maxim of relation was done by being irrelevant. Meanwhile, Non-observance maxim which were: flouting was done by speakers that do not intend to mislead, violating was done by misleading the hearer, and opting out was done by refusing to cooperate. Second, after analysing and classifying the data, the researcher then calculating the frequency of the type to know the most frequent type. In terms of occurence, violating was the most frequent type of Grice’s cooperative principle which was represented eleven times. The second is maxim of quantity, which was represented six times. Maxim of quality and maxim of manner, which was represented three times. Then, flouting and opting out was represented twice. The last is maxim of relation, which was represented once.

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